Overview

The aim was to prepare a spatio-temporal representation of valuation studies related to biodiversity and ecosystem services and … .

1 Creation of the Corpus

1.1 Methodology

1.2 Description of the corpus

2 Georeferencing the Corpus

To identify country names in the corpus of literature a two step approach was used. First, we wanted to understand where studies were conducted and searched the title, abstract, and keywords of each paper for country names. Second, to understand where the funding institutions were located we searched the affiliations, acknowledgments, and funding text for country names.

The input data we used are the following:

The python code used to georeference the corpus can be found here. An overview of the pipeline is provided in the following schematic and described below.

knitr::include_graphics("pilot2.svg")
Overview of the process of Georeferencing the corpus of valuation studies

Overview of the process of Georeferencing the corpus of valuation studies

Step 1: Extract country names from text Country names were extracted from the title, abstract, and keywords of each paper with a regular expression and the associated ISO code was added into a a column in the dataset. The same regular expression was also used to search the affiliations, acknowledgments, and funding text of the same paper and placed into a second column.

Step 2 and 3: Bundle countries in regions and subregions The IPBES Regions and Subregions datatset was then used to add additional region and subregion attributes to the dataset by matching the ISO3 code.

Step 4: Find TS accordingly We used a set of files to add additional attributes to the dataset that identified the topics. The set of files contained identifying information for papers derived from sets of web of science searches targeting particular topics. This identifying information was then matched to the corpus, and the topic extracted.

Finally, the complete corpus with the added attributes of country ISO codes of both funding institutions and research locations, and topic identification were used as the basis of the rest of the research project. The complete corpus can be found on Zenodo here: [https://doi.org/[INSERT](https://doi.org/%5BINSERT){.uri} DOI]

3 Valuation Maps

The complete georeferenced valuation corpus was used to understand the location of valuation studies throughout the world and the location of the institutions conducting those studies.

We counted the number of times a country was listed in the corpus from the column of country names obtained from the title, abstract, and keywords search as a proxy for the density of valuation studies. in Part 4 - Indicator Analysis this is referred to as “Names 1”.

Separately, we counted the number of times a country was listed in the corpus from the column of country names obtained from the affiliations acknowledgments, and funding text as a proxy for the density of institutions. In Part 4 - Indicator Analysis this is referred to as “Names 2”

3.1 Geographic Distribution

We will now present the results from the analysis through a series of maps showing both the raw country results and summarized by IPBES regions and subregions. No data is always displayed in grey.

3.1.1 Density of studies

30,428 studies did not identify a country within their title, abstract, or keywords.

All

Showcases the number of valuation studies conducted within each country for the entire dataset. Please note that the scales are not consistent between maps.

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Maps/Names1_percountry.png")

Before 2010

Showcases the number of valuation studies conducted within each country between 1980 - 2009. Please note that the scales are not consistent between maps.

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Maps/Names1_percountry_before2010.png")

After 2010

Showcases the number of valuation studies conducted within each country between 2010 - 2020. Please note that the scales are not consistent between maps.

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Maps/Names1_percountry_2010.png")

3.1.2 Density of institutions

376 studies did not identify a country within their affiliations, acknowledgments, and funding text.

All

Showcases the number of studies which reference the particular country within the affiliations, acknowledgments, or funding text for the entire dataset as a proxy for institutions which are conducing the research. Please note that the scales are not consistent between maps.

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Maps/Names2_percountry.png")

Before 2010

Showcases the number of studies which reference the particular country within the affiliations, acknowledgments, or funding text between 1980 and 2009 as a proxy for institutions which are conducing the research in this time period. Please note that the scales are not consistent between maps.

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Maps/Names2_percountry_before2010.png")

After 2010

Showcases the number of studies which reference the particular country within the affiliations, acknowledgments, or funding text between 2010 and 2020 as a proxy for institutions which are conducing the research in this time period. Please note that the scales are not consistent between maps.

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Maps/Names2_percountry_2010.png")

3.1.3 Summarized by region and subregion

Density of studies by region

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Maps/Names1_perregion.png")

*30,428 studies did not identify a country within their title, abstract, or keywords.

Density of institutions by region

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Maps/Names2_perregion.png")

  • 376 studies did not identify a country within their affiliations, acknowledgments, and funding text.

Density of studies by subregion

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Maps/Names1_persubregion.png")

  • 376 studies did not identify a country within their affiliations, acknowledgments, and funding text.

Density of institutions by subregion

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Maps/Names2_persubregion.png")

*30,428 studies did not identify a country within their title, abstract, or keywords.

3.2 Relationships between density of studies and institutions

While more instuttions are identified per study compared to where the study was conducted, it is clear that there is a significant positive linear realtionship between these.

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Corpus/Names1_Names2.png")
Density of studies vs density of institutions

Density of studies vs density of institutions

4 Indicator Analysis

The IPBES Core Indicators were used alongside a chosen set of other relevant indicators to understand geographic trends between density of valuation studies and how they relate to biological and socioeconomic indicators.

4.1 Selection of Indicators

We used all the most recent year of the IPBES Core Indicators available within the country dataset except for two indicators, Countries/Regions with Active NBSAP and Category 1 nations in CTIES, as these are binary in the dataset and would not be compatible with the following analysis. We selected a specific category from the indicators with multiple categories. For example, for the indicator “Area of forest production under FSC and PEFC certification” we chose the FSC certification area and not the PEFC certification area.

A set of other indicators were included in the analysis to expand the coverage of socioeconomic variables. We included the human development index (HDI), average harmonized learning outcomes score, gross domestic product (GDP), corruption perception index (CPI), and population.

These datasets were downloaded, cleaned, and had ISO3 codes added to easily merge them into the analysis. The latest data available was used for each indicator.

Here is the table of all of the indicators used, the category selected, the year the data is from, and the number assigned to them.

Table 1: Details of the Indicators Used
Name Category Year
Area of forest production under FSC and PEFC certification FSC_area 2016
Biodiversity Habitat Index Average 2014
Biodiversity Intactness Index Value 2005
Biocapacity per capita Value - Total 2012
Ecological Footprint per capita Value - Total 2012
Forest area Forest area (1000ha) 2015
Water Footprint Water Footprint - Total (Mm3/y) 2013
Inland Fishery Production Capture 2015
Region-based Marine Trophic Index 1950 2014
Nitrogen + Phosphate Fertilizers N total nutrients - Consumption in nutrients 2014
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (%) Nitrogen Use Efficiency (%) 2009
Percentage and total area covered by protected areas Terrestrial - Protected Area (%) 2017
Percentage of undernourished people Prevalence of undernourishment (%) (3-year average) 2015
Proportion of local breeds, classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or unknown level of risk of extinction At Risk of Extinction 2016
PA of Key Biodiversity Areas Coverage (%) Estimate 2016
Protected area management effectiveness PA Assessed on Management Effectiveness (%) 2015
Protected Area Connectedness Index Protected Area Connectedness Index 2012
Species Habitat Index Species Habitat Index 2014
Species Protection Index (%) Species Protection Index (%) 2014
Species Status Information Index Value 2014
Total Wood Removals (roundwood, m3) Total 2014
Trends in forest extent (tree cover) Percentage of Tree Cover Loss 2015
Nitrogen Deposition Trends (kg N/ha/yr) Nitrogen Deposition Trends (kg N/ha/yr) 2030
Trends in Pesticides Use Use of pesticides (3-year average) 2013
Human Development Index (HDI) NA 2018
Average harmonized learning outcomes score NA 2015
Gross domestic product (GDP) NA 2019
Corruption perception index (CPI) NA 2020
Population NA 2018

There were a few instances of duplicated values which were double checked with the original dataset and the erranous value removed. Examples include having two values for USA due to the separation of Hawaii in the original dataset. In these cases Hawaii was removed and the value referring to the rest of the states of the country was used instead. Additionally, Indicator 9, Region-based Marine Trophic Index, the mean of the regions was calculated per country, as countries such as Germany have multiple regions with distinct values.

4.2 Dataset Compilation

To understand how valuation is spread across geographies, we counted the number of times each country’s ISO code appeared in the corpus for both geography columns added in step 2. The result is the density of studies per country and the density of funding institutions per country for the entire corpus.

The external indicators were also joined onto the dataset to analyze the relationships between these socioeconomic indicators and the density of studies and funding institutions.

This process was also repeated with an additional filter that excluded any studies published before 2010.

4.3 Pearson Correlation Analysis

To investigate the relationships between indicators and the number of valuation studies, we ran a pearson correlation analysis. The statistical analysis calculated the trends between the number of studies in each country (Names 1) and the number of studies funded in each country (Names 2) and each of the indicators. The results are shown below.

Insignificant relationships are blank, significant relationships (P < 0.01) are shown with circles. The strength of the correlation corresponds to the size of the circle and the color represents positve (blue) or negative (red) trends.

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Pearson_correlation_table/correlation_figure.png")
Pearson correlations of geographic valuation studies and indicators

Pearson correlations of geographic valuation studies and indicators

The same pearson correlation analysis with the indicators was conducted on the log of the number of studies in each country (Names 1) and the log of the number of studies funded from each country (Names2).

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Pearson_correlation_table/correlation_figure_log.png")
Pearson correlations of log geographic valuation studies and the indicators

Pearson correlations of log geographic valuation studies and the indicators

4.4 Individual Trend Analysis

The individual trends between each indicator and the number of studies and number of funding institutions are shown here for the entire corpus. For each indicator, there are two four panel figures with the top figure showing the trends with the raw values, and the bottom figure displaying the trends with log transformed x-axis values.

The dots represent countries within the dataset that have values for both the indicator and valuation atlas. The associated p value of the linear trend model is shown in the corner of the image in red. The trend line is shown in blue and the associated standard error in grey. Please note that the y axis is not necessarily consistent between the four boxes and may include values that aren’t actually found in the data to showcase the full extent of the standard error of the trend line.

For each figure the panels are arranged accordingly:

  • Names 1 (top-left) is the number of valuation studies for each country in the corpus

  • Names 1 from 2010 (top-right) is the number of valuation studies for each country in the corpus from 2010 to 2020

  • Names 2 (bottom-left) is the number of valuation studies funded from each country in the corpus

  • Names 2 from 2010 (bottom-right) is the number of valuation studies funded from each country in the corpus from 2010 to 2020

Human Development Index

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/HDI.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the human development index

Relationships between valuation atlas and the human development index

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/HDI_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the human development index

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the human development index

Learning Outcomes

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/LearningOutcomes.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and learning outcomes

Relationships between valuation atlas and learning outcomes

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/LearningOutcomes_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and learning outcomes

Log relationships between valuation atlas and learning outcomes

GDP

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/GDP.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and GDP

Relationships between valuation atlas and GDP

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/GDP_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and GDP

Log relationships between valuation atlas and GDP

Corruption Perception Index

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/CPI.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the corruption perception index

Relationships between valuation atlas and the corruption perception index

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/CPI_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the corruption perception index

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the corruption perception index

Population

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/POP.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and population

Relationships between valuation atlas and population

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/POP_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and population

Log relationships between valuation atlas and population

GDP per capita

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/GDP_per_capita.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and GDP per capita

Relationships between valuation atlas and GDP per capita

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/GDP_per_capita_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and GDP per capita

Log relationships between valuation atlas and GDP per capita

Forest area under FSC certification

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/FSC.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and forest area under FSC certification

Relationships between valuation atlas and forest area under FSC certification

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/FSC_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and forest area under FSC certification

Log relationships between valuation atlas and forest area under FSC certification

Biodiversity Habitat Index

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Biodiversity_habitat_index.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the biodiversity habitat index

Relationships between valuation atlas and the biodiversity habitat index

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Biodiversity_habitat_index_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the biodiversity habitat index

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the biodiversity habitat index

Biodiversity Intactness Index

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Biodiversity_intactness_index.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the biodiversity intactness index

Relationships between valuation atlas and the biodiversity intactness index

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Biodiversity_intactness_index_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the biodiversity intactness index

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the biodiversity intactness index

Biocapacity per capita

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Biocapacity_per_capita.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the biocapacity per capita

Relationships between valuation atlas and the biocapacity per capita

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Biocapacity_per_capita_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the biocapacity per capita

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the biocapacity per capita

Ecological Footprint per capita

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Ecological_footprint.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the ecological footprint per capita

Relationships between valuation atlas and the ecological footprint per capita

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Ecological_footprint_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the ecological footprint per capita

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the ecological footprint per capita

Forest area

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Forest_area.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and forest area

Relationships between valuation atlas and forest area

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Forest_area_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and forest area

Log relationships between valuation atlas and forest area

Water Footprint

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Water_footprint.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the water footprint

Relationships between valuation atlas and the water footprint

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Water_footprint_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the water footprint

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the water footprint

Inland Fishery Production

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Inland_fishery_production.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and inland fishery production

Relationships between valuation atlas and inland fishery production

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Inland_fishery_production_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and inland fishery production

Log relationships between valuation atlas and inland fishery production

Region-based Marine Trophic Index

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Marine_tropic_index.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the region-based marine trophic index

Relationships between valuation atlas and the region-based marine trophic index

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Marine_tropic_index_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the region-based marine trophic index

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the region-based marine trophic index

Nitrogen Fertilizers

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Nitrogen_fertilizers.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and nitrogen fertization

Relationships between valuation atlas and nitrogen fertization

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Nitrogen_fertilizers_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and nitrogen fertization

Log relationships between valuation atlas and nitrogen fertization

Nitrogen Use Efficiency (%)

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Nitrogen_use_efficiency.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and nitrogen use efficiency

Relationships between valuation atlas and nitrogen use efficiency

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Nitrogen_use_efficiency_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and nitrogen use efficiency

Log relationships between valuation atlas and nitrogen use efficiency

Percentage of area covered by protected areas

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Percentage_protected.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and percentage of area covered by protected areas

Relationships between valuation atlas and percentage of area covered by protected areas

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Percentage_protected_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and percentage of area covered by protected areas

Log relationships between valuation atlas and percentage of area covered by protected areas

Percentage of undernourished people

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Percentage_of_undernourished_people.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and percentage of undernourished people

Relationships between valuation atlas and percentage of undernourished people

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Percentage_of_undernourished_people_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and percentage of undernourished people

Log relationships between valuation atlas and percentage of undernourished people

Local Breeds at risk of extinction

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Local_breeds.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and local breeds at risk of extinction

Relationships between valuation atlas and local breeds at risk of extinction

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Local_breeds_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and local breeds at risk of extinction

Log relationships between valuation atlas and local breeds at risk of extinction

PA of Key Biodiversity Areas Coverage (%)

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/PA_of_key_biodiversity_area_coverage.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and PA of key biodiverisy area coverage

Relationships between valuation atlas and PA of key biodiverisy area coverage

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/PA_of_key_biodiversity_area_coverage_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and PA of key biodiverisy area coverage

Log relationships between valuation atlas and PA of key biodiverisy area coverage

Protected area management effectiveness

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/PA_management_effectiveness.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and protected area management effectiveness

Relationships between valuation atlas and protected area management effectiveness

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/PA_management_effectiveness_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and protected area management effectiveness

Log relationships between valuation atlas and protected area management effectiveness

Protected Area Connectedness Index

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/PA_connectedness.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the protected area connectedness index

Relationships between valuation atlas and the protected area connectedness index

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/PA_connectedness_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the protected area connectedness index

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the protected area connectedness index

Species Habitat Index

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Species_habitat_index.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the species habitat index

Relationships between valuation atlas and the species habitat index

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Species_habitat_index_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the species habitat index

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the species habitat index

Species Protection Index

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/species_protection_index.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the species protection index

Relationships between valuation atlas and the species protection index

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/species_protection_index_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the species protection index

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the species protection index

Species Status Information Index

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Species_status.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and the species status information index

Relationships between valuation atlas and the species status information index

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Species_status_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and the species status information index

Log relationships between valuation atlas and the species status information index

Total Wood Removals (roundwood, m3)

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Total_wood_removals.svg")
Relationships between valuation atlas and total wood removals

Relationships between valuation atlas and total wood removals

Log relationship graphs:

knitr::include_graphics("Outputs/Figures_Corpus_individual/Total_wood_removals_log.svg")
Log relationships between valuation atlas and total wood removals

Log relationships between valuation atlas and total wood removals